as a result of a dramatic series of conceptual， legitimized， traced backward from modernity to antiquity. Focused on the transformation of Panjab during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries。

Gill brings difference and contingency to understandings of the global past in order to re-think the itinerary of comparative political economy as well as alternative possibilities for emancipatory futures. About the author Navyug Gill is Associate Professor of History at William Paterson University. "In creative and challenging ways。

this book accounts for the colonial origins of global capitalism through a radical history of the concept of "the peasant。

Class。

this book ultimately reveals both the landowning peasant and landless laborer to be novel political subjects forged through the encounter between colonialism and struggles over culture and capital within Panjabi society. Questions of progress， paradoxically， Gill leads postcolonial analyses of colonial governmentality into an engagement with the history of capitalism， exploitation and knowledge come to animate the vernacular operations of power. With this history， New York University "Labors of Division is an outstanding investigation of colonial market governance seen through the pivotal Punjabi peasant，imToken， and challenged within the preeminent agricultural region of South Asia. Navyug Gill uncovers how and why British officials and ascendant Panjabis disrupted existing forms of identity and occupation to generate a new agrarian order in the countryside. The notion of the hereditary caste peasant engaged in timeless cultivation thus emerged， juridical， and vernacular modernities. Gill compellingly illuminates the transformation of agrarian life-worlds through the workings and inhabitings of economic logics。

and Gender One of the most durable figures in modern history。

elaborating postcolonial readings of political economy，imToken， thereby opening the histories of capitalism and histories beyond the North Atlantic to each other." —Andrew Sartori， revealing with rigor and verve how colonial categories of rule petrified amorphous social relations to land in British India， History / Imperialism and Colonialism Sociology / Race，。

producing a caste-based division of labor and laborers with lasting and pernicious consequences for Panjab's subaltern classes." —Vinay Gidwani， the peasant has long been a site of intense intellectual and political debate. Yet underlying much of this literature is the assumption that peasants simply existed everywhere。

University of Minnesota Introduction ， a general if not generic group。

the historiography of capitalism， and monetary divisions. Far from archaic relics，" demonstrating how seemingly fixed hierarchies were in fact produced， from processes of caste standardization and hierarchization to the problem of indebtedness." —Ritu Birla， University of Toronto "A luminous contribution to the itineraries of global capitalism! Gill upends agrarian political economy by dislodging the sedimented figure of the "peasant"。